Landscape Quick Start Guide

There could be a lot of various reasons as to why what you do in this tutorial does not come out exactly the same as what you see in the following screen shots. Working with the Landscape tools requires a lot of trial and error so your results will vary, sometimes greatly, from what you are seeing in the following set of images. The most important thing to get out of this tutorial is to understand how each of the Landscape tools work and how all the tools work together to give you the final product.

1. To begin, first find a section of the Landscape that you would like to work with. For this tutorial, we are not going to be filling in the entire Landscape but just a section of it. For ease of use, set a camera bookmark by pressing Ctrl + 1 on the keyboard. This will set a camera bookmark which will make it easier for you to gauge how your Landscape is coming along by giving you a camera view to always come back to. At any time during your editor session, if you press the 1 Key, your camera will be returned to the exact same position that you set.

2. With the bookmark set, begin painting in the larger details for hills and valleys using the Sculpt Tool. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following. You can change the value of the Brush Size and Strength either in the Landscape panel or the Landscape toolbar located just above the viewport.

   Remember that you use Left Mouse Button to raise the Landscape height and Shift + Left Mouse Button will lower the height of the Landscape.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Scupt Tool	8192	0.29

   
3. Once the the hills and valleys are blocked out, it is time to use the Smooth Tool to help refine the look and feel of them. Using this tool will smooth your Landscape features and make them seem more natural. Be careful not to smooth away all your features! You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Smooth Tool	2048	0.29

   
4. Now that the Landscape is smoothed out, it is time to add some flat mesa like sections using the Flatten Tool. The Flatten Tool captures the height information of the location of your first click and raises/lowers the heightmap to meet that point as you drag around the brush. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Flatten Tool	2048	0.29

   
5. It is time to use the Ramp Tool to add some flat ramps between the mesas. This tool works by designating a start point and an end point for your ramp and then clicking the Add Ramp button to create a flat path between the two points. Each point can be moved any direction to create a ramp that fits each unique situation. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following. If it is not very clear where the Ramp was used, it has been highlighted in yellow.

   Tool Used	Ramp Width	Side Falloff
   Ramp Tool	2000	0.40

   
6. Next, we are going to add some erosion effects to the Landscape to give it a weathered look using the Erosion Tool which works by simulating erosion done by wind. This tool is perfect for shaving away parts of your hills to create mountain peaks and ridges. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Erosion Tool	693	0.25

   
7. In the next step, we will take the erosion that was just added in the previous step and push it further by adding some Hydro Erosion to the Landscape. The Hydro Erosion Tool is different than the Erosion Tool as it is for simulating how water will erode Landscape details over time. Like the Smooth Tool, be careful not to erode away all your detail. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Hydro Erosion	2048	0.29

   
8. To break up the surface of the Landscape even more, we will use the Noise Tool. The Noise Tool adds random noise to the surface of the Landscape by randomly moving the Landscape vertices up or down or both at the same time. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Noise Tool	2048	0.29

   
9. For the final step in the Landscape sculpting part of the tutorial, we will re-use the Smooth Tool to help smooth out some of the more jagged areas of the Landscape to give it a more natural look. While you might not need to do this step yourself, this was done to help even out some of the areas that appear too deep or areas that the player might get stuck in if they fall into. You can find the brush size and strength settings that were used for this step listed below and when completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

   Tool Used	Brush Size	Strength Setting
   Smooth Tool	1121	0.16

   

4 - Creating Landscape Materials

Folder Setup

We have finished sculpting the Landscape, it is time to add some Materials to it so that it better resembles something that we see in the real world. But before you do this, you need to first setup some folders to organize the content that you create and migrate into your project.

1. Start by creating a new folder called Landscape in your project's Content folder.
2. Then inside the Landscape folder, create the following three folders:
   • Materials
   • Resources
   • Textures

When completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

Migrating Textures

Now that we have the folders in place, it is time to Migrate some Textures from the Landscape Mountains learning project so that we have some Textures to work with. This project can be found under the Learn tab in the Epic Games Launcher. If you would like to know more about how to Migrate content from one project to another one, please check out the following page on how to Migrate Content.

You can find the textures located in the following folder located in the Landscapes Content example project.

/Game/ExampleContent/Landscapes/Textures/

The Textures that you will be Migrating over from the Landscape Content Example project are as follows.

1. T_ForestGround_D
2. T_ForestGround_N
3. T_GroundGrass_D
4. T_GroundGrass_N
5. T_Noise_N

Once you have the textures migrated over, make sure they are placed in the Textures folder that was created in the steps above.

Creating the Landscape Material

Creating a Material for our Landscape can be done in the following steps.

1. Navigate to the Materials folder in the Content Broswer.
2. Right-click in the Content Browser and select Material from the Create Basic Asset list.
3. Name the newly created Material something that will allow you to easily find it, like Landscape_Material for example.

When this is complete, you will have something that looks like this:

With our new Landscape Material created, open up the Material by Double-clicking on it inside of the Content Browser. When you do, you should see something like this come up on the screen:

It is time to start adding nodes inside of the Material Editor. The first node that you are going to want to create is a LandscapeLayerCoords UV node. This node will help to generate UV coordinates that will be used to map the Landscape Material to the Landscape Actor.

The quickest way to find nodes specific to Landscape is to search for them in the Materials Palette box using Landscape as the key word.

The next Material nodes that we are going to add are going to be for the textures for the ground's Base Color and Normal maps. For the snow, we are just going to use a Vector Parameter (V + Left-click) that uses an off White color. To make sure that no Metallic information is used, a Constant (1 + Left-click) of 0 is used and plugged into the Metallic input. Finally, for the Roughness, we set a Scalar Parameter (S + Left-click) so that this value can be tweaked via a Material Instance. Finally, make sure that you connect the LandscapeCoords to the UV's of each of the Texture Samples. When completed, your node network should look like this:

To add the Texture Sample nodes for the various textures, select the desired texture in the Content Browser and then press T + Left-click in the Material Editor's graph to create the node.

After the Material nodes have been added and the LandscapeCoords connected to the textures UVs, it is time to add and setup the Landscape Layer Blend node. The Landscape Layer Blend node allows for the blending of layers via Weight blending, Height blending, or Alpha blending. Weight blending uses each layer’s painted weight to determine which to display. We use Weight blending where we want two surfaces to blend seamlessly into each other, such as rock into sand. Height blending uses the same weight information along with an additional height value taken from the Texture Sample's Alpha channel and is best used when one material needs to clearly sit on top of another, such as the Grass and Snow sitting on top of the Soil layer. Finally, Alpha blending uses the painted weight information with an Alpha layer to determine the final result.

The following table shows what Textures are associated with which Layer Name and what Blend Type they use.

Layer Blend Base Color

Layer Blend Normal

Once the Layer Blend nodes have been set up, it is time to connect the Texture maps to them. Height blended materials will have both a Layer connection and a Height connection to accommodate the need for the additional height information. When completed, you should have something that looks like the following.

5 - Painting Landscape Materials

With the Landscape material created, it is time to apply the Material to the Landscape and begin using the Paint tools.

Landscape Painting Prep

Before we can begin painting the Landscape, there is some setup that needs to be done first. Start by applying your Landscape Material to the Landscape:

1. Find your Material in the Content Browser. This should be located under a folder labeled Materials that was created in the previous section. Click on it so that it is selected.

   

2. With the Landscape Material selected in the Content Browser, select the Landscape in the world. Then in the Details panel, expand the Landscape section and look for the Landscape Material input.

   

3. Apply the Material to the Landscape using the Use Selected Asset from the Content Browser arrow icon. You can also drag the Material asset from the Content Browser to the Details panel and drop it on the Landscape Material input.

4. When completed, you should have something that looks like this:

Now that the Landscape Material is applied, it is almost time to stat painting but before we can do that, we must first create and assign three Landscape Layer Info Objects. If you try to paint before you assign the Landscape Layer Info Objects, you will get the following warning message.

You need to create three Landscape Layer Info Objects, one for each Texture that you want to paint. Here is how you do it:

1. First, make sure that you are in Landscape Paint mode.

   

2. In the Landscape panel, under the Target Layers section, you should see three inputs labeled Soil, Grass, and Snow.

   

3. To the right of the names, there is a Plus Sign icon. Clicking that will bring up another menu that will ask what type of layer you would like to add. For this example, pick the Weight-Blended Layer (normal) option.

   

4. When you select the Weight-Blended Layer (normal) option, you will be prompted with a pop-up box that is asking you where you want to save the newly created Landscape Layer Info Objects. Select the Resources folder that is under the Landscape folder and then press the OK button.

   

5. Once you have completed the first one, repeat the same process for the other two. You should have something that looks like the following:

   

Now with the Landscape Layer Info Objects created and applied, we can begin to paint our Landscape.

Painting the Landscape

Before you begin to paint the Landscape, here is a re-cap of some of the most used commonly used keyboard and mouse inputs that you will use when painting the Landscape.

The main tool that you will use for applying textures to your Landscape is going to be the Paint Tool. To find out more about all of the tools that you can use to paint on the Landscape, check out the Paint Mode documentation.

To apply a Material to the Landscape, press and hold the Left Mouse Button to apply whatever you have selected to the area under the brush.

To select a new texture to paint, make sure you are in Landscape Painting Mode then under the Target Layers section, select which texture you want to paint with by clicking on it in the list. Whichever texture is highlighted will be painted on the Landscape. In the image below, you can see the Soil layer is highlighted meaning that this is the texture that will be painted to the Landscape.

When you finish painting, you should have something that looks like this.

Possible Issues and Workarounds

When you first start painting on your Landscape you might run into an issue where the base Material disappears or turns black, like in the following picture:

This happens when there is no Paint Layer data on the Landscape when you first start to paint. To fix this issue, continue to paint over the Landscape generating the Paint Layer data as you go. If you would like to fill in the entire Landscape, first select a large brush size, like 8192.0, pick a layer that you want to use as a base and paint over the entire Landscape once. This will create Paint Layer data and allow you to continue to paint without anything turning black.

Another issue that you might run into is that the scale of the Textures on your Landscape are either too big or too small. To fix this, open your Landscape Material and select the Landscape Coords node. With that node selected, adjust the Mapping Scale in the Details panel and save the Material. Once the Material is re-compiled, check the scale out in the viewport. If the scale is not to your liking, then repeat the processes above until you get the results you want.

Here is a comparison between a Mapping Scale of 0.5 on the Left and 5.0 on the Right.

6 - Landscape Tips and Tricks

While the quick start tutorial above will get you up and running with a Landscape, it barely scratches the surface of what the Landscape tools can do. This section aims to show you some tips and tricks for using the Landscape Tool as well as some external tools that you can use to generate your Landscape.

Tips & Tricks

• When using the Paint Tools, you might find it easier to paint over what you would like to erase than to try and erase it using Shift + Left Mouse Button.

• When using the Alpha Brush, remember that you can change what the pattern that the brush uses by selecting a different RGB channels from the Texture Channel drop down menu. This is very handy because you can pack up to three different Alpha patterns in a single texture.

  
• Landscape compiles shaders separately for each component based on which layers are painted on them. For example, if you have a component with a dirt layer on it but no trace of the grass layer has been painted on it, the textures for the grass layer are left out of the material for that component, making it cheaper to render. So when you do an optimization pass, it can be worthwhile to go over a Landscape and look for components that only have a tiny trace of a given layer and erase them to reduce material complexity.
• Another issue to watch out for when painting layers is to avoid having too many textures on one component. The material editor stats show the limit of how many texture samples you are allowed to use, but for Landscape materials the masks for each layer count as texture samples too and do not show in the stats. If a component starts showing the default texture (Grey Squares) when you paint a new layer onto it, it is likely that it is gone over the texture sample limit and either needs to have a layer erased or the material needs to be optimized to use less textures.
• You can change the LOD Distance Factor for individual Landscape components so they will simplify at closer or further distance thresholds. Things like mountain peaks or anything with a distinct silhouette will LOD most noticeably as you move further away, so you can reduce the LOD bias for those components to preserve their shape. You can also raise the LOD bias for low-detail areas like flat plains that will not look noticeably different with less tessellation.

World Composition

Unreal Engine 4 (UE4) now offers the ability to create massive worlds made using Landscape that can easily be managed by using the World Composition tool. World Composition was designed to help simplify the management of large worlds, especially if those worlds are made using the Landscape system. To find out more about the World Composition tool, please refer to the official document that you can find here:

World Composition Documents

External Creation Tools

While the default Landscape tools do have the ability to meet all of your sculpting and painting needs, there could be some situations where you might want some extra control over your Landscape's look and feel. The following is a list of software packages that could help you obtain the results you are looking for if you cannot get them from using the Landscape tools.